Beryllium And Oxygen Ionic Bond
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name Glucinium(Ii) monoxide | |
| Systematic IUPAC name Oxoberyllium | |
| Other names Beryllia, Thermalox, Bromellite, Thermalox 995.[1] | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |
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| 3D model (JSmol) |
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| Beilstein Reference | 3902801 |
| ChEBI |
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| ChemSpider |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.758 |
| EC Number |
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| MeSH | beryllium+oxide |
| PubChem CID |
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII |
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| UN number | 1566 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| InChI
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| SMILES
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| Properties | |
| Chemic formula | Exist O |
| Molar mass | 25.011 1000·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colourless, vitreous crystals |
| Scent | Odourless |
| Density | 3.01 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 2,507 °C (4,545 °F; 2,780 K) |
| Boiling point | iii,900 °C (7,050 °F; 4,170 Grand) |
| Solubility in h2o | 0.00002 g/100 mL |
| Solubility | soluble in acid[2] |
| Ring gap | ten.6 eV |
| Thermal electrical conductivity | 330 W/(Chiliad·m) |
| Refractive index (n D) | 1.719 |
| Structure | |
| Crystal construction | Hexagonal |
| Infinite group | P6threemc |
| Point group | C6v |
| Coordination geometry | Tetragonal |
| Molecular shape | Linear |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Estrus capacity (C) | 25.5 J/(K·mol) |
| Std tooth | 13.73–13.81 J/(Thousand·mol) |
| Std enthalpy of | −599 kJ/mol[3] |
| Gibbs gratis energy (Δf G ⦵) | −582 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
| Chief hazards | Very toxic, carcinogen.[4] |
| GHS labelling: | |
| Pictograms |    |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Take a chance statements | H301, H315, H317, H319, H330, H335, H350, H372 |
| Precautionary statements | P201, P260, P280, P284, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | four 0 0 |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | fifteen mg/kg (mouse, oral)[vi] |
| NIOSH (Usa health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | TWA 0.002 mg/miii C 0.005 mg/k3 (30 minutes), with a maximum summit of 0.025 mg/m3 (as Be)[v] |
| REL (Recommended) | Ca C 0.0005 mg/chiliadiii (as Be)[v] |
| IDLH (Firsthand danger) | Ca [iv mg/m3 (as Exist)][v] |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Beryllium telluride |
| Other cations |
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| Supplementary information page | |
| Beryllium oxide (information page) | |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references | |
Beryllium oxide (BeO), also known as beryllia, is an inorganic compound with the formula BeO. This colourless solid is a notable electric insulator with a higher thermal conductivity than any other non-metal except diamond, and exceeds that of most metals.[7] Equally an amorphous solid, glucinium oxide is white. Its high melting point leads to its use every bit a refractory material.[viii] It occurs in nature as the mineral bromellite. Historically and in materials scientific discipline, beryllium oxide was called glucina or glucinium oxide, attributable to its sweet sense of taste.
Grooming and chemical properties [edit]
Beryllium oxide can be prepared by calcining (roasting) beryllium carbonate, dehydrating beryllium hydroxide, or igniting metallic beryllium:
- BeCOiii → BeO + CO2
- Be(OH)2 → BeO + H2O
- 2 Exist + O2 → 2 BeO
Igniting beryllium in air gives a mixture of BeO and the nitride Exist3Northii.[seven] Dissimilar the oxides formed by the other Group ii elements (alkaline world metals), beryllium oxide is amphoteric rather than basic.
Beryllium oxide formed at high temperatures (>800 °C) is inert, merely dissolves hands in hot aqueous ammonium bifluoride (NHfourHF2) or a solution of hot full-bodied sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and ammonium sulfate ((NHiv)2And then4).
Structure [edit]
BeO crystallizes in the hexagonal wurtzite construction, featuring tetrahedral Be2+ and O2− centres, like lonsdaleite and westward-BN (with both of which it is isoelectronic). In contrast, the oxides of the larger grouping-2 metals, i.e., MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, crystallize in the cubic rock salt motif with octahedral geometry virtually the dications and dianions.[vii] At high temperature the structure transforms to a tetragonal form.[9]
In the vapour phase, glucinium oxide is present every bit discrete diatomic molecules. In the language of valence bond theory, these molecules can be described equally adopting sp orbital hybridisation on both atoms, featuring one σ (between ane sp orbital on each atom) and one π bond (between aligned p orbitals on each atom oriented perpendicular to the molecular axis). Molecular orbital theory provides a slightly different picture with no net sigma bonding (because the twos orbitals of the 2 atoms combine to grade a filled sigma bonding orbital and a filled sigma* anti-bonding orbital) and ii pi bonds formed between both pairs of p orbitals oriented perpendicular to the molecular axis. The sigma orbital formed by the p orbitals aligned along the molecular axis is unfilled. The corresponding ground state is ...(2sσ)2(2sσ*)2(2pπ)4 (equally in the isoelectronic C2 molecule), where both bonds tin exist considered equally dative bonds from oxygen towards beryllium.[x]
Applications [edit]
High-quality crystals may exist grown hydrothermally, or otherwise by the Verneuil method. For the most role, beryllium oxide is produced as a white amorphous pulverization, sintered into larger shapes. Impurities, similar carbon, can give a variety of colours to the otherwise colourless host crystals.
Sintered beryllium oxide is a very stable ceramic.[eleven] Beryllium oxide is used in rocket engines[12] and as a transparent protective over-coating on aluminised telescope mirrors.
Beryllium oxide is used in many high-functioning semiconductor parts for applications such as radio equipment because it has good thermal electrical conductivity while also being a expert electrical insulator. It is used as a filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease.[thirteen] Some power semiconductor devices have used beryllium oxide ceramic betwixt the silicon bit and the metal mounting base of operations of the packet to accomplish a lower value of thermal resistance than a similar structure of aluminium oxide. It is also used equally a structural ceramic for loftier-performance microwave devices, vacuum tubes, magnetrons, and gas lasers. BeO has been proposed as a neutron moderator for naval marine high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (MGCR), as well equally NASA's Kilopower nuclear reactor for space applications.[14]
Safety [edit]
BeO is carcinogenic in powdered grade[15] and may cause a chronic allergic-type lung disease berylliosis. In one case fired into solid form, it is safe to handle if not subjected to machining that generates dust. Clean breakage releases lilliputian grit, but crushing or grinding actions can pose a risk.[sixteen]
References [edit]
- ^ "beryllium oxide – Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. Usa: National Center for Biotechnology Data. 27 March 2005. Identification and Related records. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–41. ISBN978-1138561632.
- ^ Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Visitor. ISBN978-0-618-94690-7.
- ^ Group 1B Carcinogens
- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0054". National Plant for Occupational Safety and Wellness (NIOSH).
- ^ Beryllium oxide toxicity
- ^ a b c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN978-0-08-037941-eight.
- ^ Raymond Aurelius Higgins (2006). Materials for Engineers and Technicians . Newnes. p. 301. ISBN0-7506-6850-4.
- ^ A. F. Wells (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemical science (5 ed.). Oxford Science Publications. ISBN0-19-855370-vi.
- ^ Fundamentals of Spectroscopy. Centrolineal Publishers. p. 234. ISBN978-81-7023-911-six . Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ Günter Petzow, Fritz Aldinger, Sigurd Jönsson, Peter Welge, Vera van Kampen, Thomas Mensing, Thomas Brüning "Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_011.pub2
- ^ Ropp, Richard C. (2012-12-31). Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds. Newnes. ISBN9780444595539.
- ^ Greg Becker; Chris Lee; Zuchen Lin (2005). "Thermal conductivity in advanced fries — Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages". Advanced Packaging: ii–4. Archived from the original on June 21, 2000. Retrieved 2008-03-04 .
- ^ McClure, Patrick; Poston, David; Gibson, Marc; Bowman, Cheryl; Creasy, John (fourteen May 2014). "KiloPower Space Reactor Concept – Reactor Materials Study". Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet" (PDF). New Bailiwick of jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Retrieved Baronial 17, 2018.
- ^ "Glucinium Oxide Safety". American Beryllia . Retrieved 2018-03-29 .
External links [edit]
- Beryllium Oxide MSDS from American Beryllia
- IARC Monograph "Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds"
- International Chemical Prophylactic Carte du jour 1325
- National Pollutant Inventory – Beryllium and compounds
- NIOSH Pocket guide to Chemical Hazards
Beryllium And Oxygen Ionic Bond,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxide
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